[Section A] In Vroom's Expectancy Theory of motivation (Force = Valence × Expectancy × Instrumentality), what does 'Valence' refer to?

Answer options:

The belief that effort will lead to successful performance.

The belief that successful performance will lead to a specific reward.

The strength of an individual's preference for a particular outcome or reward.

How to approach this question

Define the three components of Vroom's formula: Valence (value of reward), Expectancy (effort -> performance), Instrumentality (performance -> reward).

Full Answer

C.The strength of an individual's preference for a particular outcome or reward.✓ Correct

In Vroom's Expectancy Theory, Valence refers to the emotional orientation people hold with respect to outcomes (rewards). It is the depth of the want of an employee for extrinsic (money, promotion) or intrinsic (satisfaction) rewards.

Common mistakes

Confusing Valence with Expectancy. Valence is about the *reward*, Expectancy is about the *effort*.

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